1788

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

• 26 January – First Fleet to arrive at Port Jackson and colonise Australia for penal settlement.
• 6 June – Norfolk Island settlement begins

World Deaf Events

• Abbe de l’Eppe begins the dictionary of French sign language (this was finished by Sicard later)

World Events

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1789

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

• NSW Corps banded to control the convicts. Most were either soldiers or marines.
• April to May – Small pox outbreak that devastated the Aboriginal clans around the Sydney area. It was believed that between 50 and 70 percent of the Aboriginal population died within few years after the colonisation.
• First ‘Australian’ farm set up at Rose Hill (Parrmatta), with James Ruse as its first farmer and landowner. He named his farm “Experiment Farm”, the name is still in existence as “Experiment Farm Cottage” at Harris Park (Parramatta).

World Deaf Events

• Victorine Morriseau – first deaf blind person to be educated in Paris, France – was born.
• 23 December – Abbe Charles-Michel de l’Eppe died in Paris, France.

World Events

• 1 February – Chinese troops driven out of Vietnam capital Thang Long.
• 14 July – French Revolution begins with the fall of Bastille (Bastille Day).
• 26 October – 1st national Thanksgiving Day in USA.

1790

Australia Deaf Events

• 3 June – Elizabeth (Betty) Steel, deaf convict (not certain if she signed or was born deaf) – arrived at Sydney Cove per Lady Juliana. She was sentenced with 7 years transportation for stealing a fob watch from a man.

Australian Events

• The Colony population stands at 2, 056, when the first census was taken.  NSW had 1, 715 non-Aboriginal people living there with 524 people living on Norfolk Island.
• The famine and drought continued from the arrival of the First Fleet, due to differences in climates and soils. The Second Fleet did not bring any ‘fresh’ produce, but more convicts.

World Deaf Events

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World Events

• 27 March – the modern shoestring (string and shoe holes) was invented in England.
• 2nd August – First US Census was taken.
• 11 November – Chrysanthemums were introduced to England from China.
• 17 December – Aztec calendar stone was discovered in Mexico City.

1792

Australia Deaf Events

• 9 December – First non-Aboriginal deaf person to be born in Sydney Cove,  Australia, Robert Yeomans (Robinson) – son of Mary Cassidy (a convict) and Robert Robinson (marine). His stepfather John Yeomans adopted Robert as his son when Mary married him later.

Australian Events

• The Colony population at 3, 120 (plenty of births happening, along with the Third Fleet arriving in 1791).
• First American trading ships reached Sydney Cove.
• First land grants made out.
• First survey map of the settlement prepared and signed by Governor Phillip.
• The site of Sydney Burial Grounds (cemetery) was selected at the present Sydney Town Hall. It was known as the Old Sydney Burial Ground.
• Sydney Cove’s first retail shop opened.

World Deaf Events

• The London Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb (or known as The Asylum for the Education of Deaf and Dumb Children of the Poor) was opened at Grange Road, Bermondsey, South London. This was the first educational establishment in the UK that admitted deaf children, regardless of social backgrounds and without payment of fees.
• Abbe Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard (20 September 1742-10 May 1822) was imprisoned during the September Massacres (through the French Revolution) and almost lost his life. He was in hiding for two years, but during that time he wrote a book “Theory of Signs”, an elaborate dictionary of signs of French Sign Language.

World Events

• 9 January – Russia and Turkey signed the Peace of Jassy.
• 4 March – Oranges (citrus fruit) was introduced to Hawaii.
• 16 May – Denmark abolished slave trade.

1793

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

• The arrival of the first free settlers from England to Sydney Cove.
• First sheep arrived in Australia, the cows were already introduced to Australia along with the First Fleet convicts.
• Sydney’s first church was opened, with Samuel Marsden being appointed as an assistant to the chaplain of NSW that time (Chaplain Johnson. Samuel Marsden eventually moved on to be a chaplain of Parramatta region.

World Deaf Events

• John Fitzgerald, first signing deaf convict to be sent to Australia in 1819, was born in England.
• Mary Harland, one of the deaf female convicts, was born in Dublin, Ireland.

World Events

• 19 January – French King Louis XVI sentenced to death.
• 1 February – France declared war on England and Netherlands.
• 1 April – Volcano Unsen on Japan erupted, killing about 53, 000 people.
• 15 April – Bank of England hands out first £5 note.
• 10 June – First public zoo opened in Paris, France.
• 1 August – France became first country to use the metric system.

1800

Australia Deaf Events

• 23 September – Joseph Inch, Jnr, was born at Sydney Cove to Joseph Inch and Ann Grant (both convicts).

Australian Events

• Customs House in Sydney was built.
• Governor King fixed the value of coinage in circulation by November.

World Deaf Events

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World Events

• 8 January – Wild Boy of Aveyon was discovered in Southern France.
• 24 April – Library of Congress (USA) was established with the $5, 000 allocation.
• 8 July – Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse gave 1st cowpox vaccination to his son to prevent smallpox (England).
• 1 November – John Adams became the first US president to live in White House (USA).
• 12 December – Washington DC was established as the capital of US.

1803

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

• The Colony population stood at 7, 097. The Aboriginal population at Van Dieman’s Land (Tasmania) was estimated to be between 3 and 4, 000.
• The exploration of the site of Melbourne (Port Phillip).
• Australia’s first newspaper “Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser was launched and published by George Howe.
• The postal service was established between Sydney and Parramatta.
• Flinders arrived at Port Jackson in June, after having circumnavigated Australia.

World Deaf Events

• 27 December – John (James) Carmichael was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, to James and unnamed mother.

World Events

• 18 May – Britain declared war on France after Napoleon Bonaparte continues interfering in Italy and Switzerland.
• 23 July – Robert Emmett led rebellion in Dublin, Ireland.
• 26 July – The Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world’s first public railway, opened in South London, England.
• 9 August – First horse arrived in Hawaii.

1806

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

• Governor William Blight arrived in Sydney, with an order to suppress the rum trade, the NSW Corps started which caused a lot of trouble in NSW.
• Massive floorings in Hawkesbury River which destroyed the crops in the area.
• Sydney’s first girls’ school was opened.

World Deaf Events

• Thomas Pattison was born in Leith, Scotland. He was a member of the MacDonald Clan of Caledonians of Scotland. He was an important figure in the history of Australian Deaf Education.

World Events

• 9 January – Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson received a state funeral and was interred in St Paul’s Cathedral.
• 30 May – Andrew Jackson killed Charles Dickinson in a duel after Dickinson had accused Jackson’s wife of bigamy.
• 6 August – The Holy Roman Empire ended.
• 7 October – The carbon paper was patented in London by inventor Ralph Wedgewood (England).

1810

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

• The arrival of Reverend Robert Cartwright at Sydney Cove. His granddaughters were deaf.
• 19 May – The servants of the Crown (convicts) were directed to attend church services on Sundays.
• Governor Lachlan Macquarie named five township sites: Richmond, Castlereagh, Pitt Town and Wilberforce.

World Deaf Events

• Edinburgh Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb Children was founded in Edinburgh, Scotland.

World Events

• 1 July – Louis Napoleon resigned as king of the Netherlands.
• 18 September – Chile declared independence from Spain.

1811

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

• Toll bars came into operation on the newly completed turnpike road from Sydney to Parramatta (one in George St, Haymarket, and the other at Boundary St, Parramatta).
• A mental asylum was established in Castle Hill.

World Deaf Events

• Ferdinand Berthier (1803-1886) first attended the Paris Deaf Institute as a young student in 1811, when the school was under the directorship of Abbe Roch-Ambroise Sicard. He came from the rural south-east of France to learn basic vocational skills and literacy to prepare him for work as a tradesman. He was influenced by his teacher Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bebian, a hearing man who had learned Old French Sign Language and published the first systematic study and defines of the language. Berthier was also struck by two important deaf students of the school who later became teachers: Jean Massieu and Laurent Clerc. By the age of 27 Berthier had become one of the more senior professors at the school.

World Events

• 20 February – Austria declared bankruptcy.
• 1 March – Egyptian king Muhammad Ali Pasha oversees ceremonial murder of 500.
• 14 May – Paraguay gained independence from Spain (National Day).

1812

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

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World Deaf Events

• 17 January – John Carmichael admitted as a pupil aged 10 into the Edinburgh Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb Children.
• John Braidwood began teaching a private class of deaf children at Bolling Hall in Cobbs planation, Virginia USA, after his failure in running his ‘Braidwood School’ in USA. This small school at Cobbs planation was closed in 1816.

World Events

• 7 February – Lord Byron made his maiden speech in House of Lords (England).
• 11 March – Citizenship granted to Prussian Jews.
• 26 March – Earthquake destroyed 90% of Caracas Venezuela, about 20, 000 people died.
• 18 June – War of 1812 began as US declared war against Britain, thus bringing the Australian colonies into the conflict with America.

1813

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

• Explorers crossed the Blue Mountains.
• First Sunday School in Australia was established by Thomas Hassall on the Parramatta property of his father, Rowland Hassall.
• A proclamation was issued regarding the introduction and design of the ‘holly dollar’ to become legal tender on 30 September. The dollars were not issued until January 1814.

World Deaf Events

• Thomas Pattison admitted as a pupil aged 10 from Leith into the Edinburgh Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb Children, dated 31 May. His boarding fees were paid by the Institution.

1815

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

• First free settlers to Van Dieman’s Land (Tasmania).
• School for the Aboriginal children established at Parramatta.
• George A Lentz arrived on 26 April per Indefatigable (2), as a convict with life sentence. He was one of the men to see the establishment of the deaf school in Sydney with Thomas Pattison.

World Deaf Events

• Thomas H Gallaudet departed from USA for Europe to seek methods to teach the deaf.

World Events

• 3 February – world first commercial cheese factory established in Switzerland.
• 18 June – The defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo by Wellington and Blucher.
• 27 November – City of Krakow (Poland) declared a free republic state by the Congress of Vienna.

1817

Australia Deaf Events

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Australian Events

• Old Northern Road construction begins.
• The Bank of NSW was Australia’s first bank to be established – at Mary Reibey’s house in Macquarie Place.
• Governor Lachlan Macquarie formally adopted the name “Australia” for the Colony in an official correspondence.

World Deaf Events

• The American Asylum (the American School for the Deaf) was established at Hartford, Connecticut by Mason Cogswell, Thomas H Gallaudet, and Laurent Clerc. The original name of the school was “Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons”, a first permanent school for the deaf in America. The school was opened on 15 April with 7 pupils, including Alice Cogswell.

World Events

• 17 February – First US city lit by gas (Baltimore).
• 8 March – The New York Stock Exchange was founded.
• 12 July – First flower show held at Dannybrook, County Cork, Ireland).
• 30 December – First coffee planted in Hawaii (Kona).

1818

Australia Deaf Events

• Robert Yeomans was on the list for land grants, dated 10 September. He received 60 acres, while his stepfather John Yeomans gained 80 acres.
• Anne Donnelly arrived from Ireland, as a convict with ?

Australian Events

• The Sydney Colony population stood at 17, 165.
• The population of Van Dieman’s Land (Tasmania) was at 3, 214.
• The first ‘Australia Day’ celebrations was held this year.
• An outbreak of small pox in the colony – the clergymen was supposed to address to the parents at the baptisms of children about the care and issues with small pox.
• Thomas Raine established a whaling station at Twofold Bay – the first in NSW.

World Deaf Events

• A British extracts had a case about a deaf and dumb girl named Sarah Nathan being robbed by her uncle Tricol Nathan, an aged Israelite. The case was processed in the court at Mansion House and that Sarah had been provided with an interpreter, which was her mother. (Sydney Gazette, dated 7 February 1818)
• The New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb was founded.
• The first recorded deaf congregation took place when a group of deaf men met just to have a talk at the corner of Lawnmarket and Bank Streets in Edinburgh, Scotland. A Miss Elizabeth Burnside, a well-to-do resident of the city noted them and she obtained a room for them, paid the rent and acted as the doorkeeper. This place  of meeting is later known as Edinburgh Deaf and Dumb meeting.

World Events

• 17 February – Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun patented “draisine” (early bicycle).
• 8 October – 2 English boxers were first to use padded gloves.
• 21 November – Russia’s Czar Alexander I petitions for a Jewish state in Palestine.

1819

Australia Deaf Events

• John Fitzgerald arrived per Baring (2) on 26 June, as a convict with a Life sentence.

Australian Events

• A Male Orphan school opened in Sydney.
• First Australian Slang Dictionary was published by a convict named James H Vaux, after a public meeting chaired by Governor Macquarie.
• Hyde Park Barracks was first occupied – accommodation for 600 convicts, opened in June by Governor Macquarie.
• Disastrous Newcastle floods
• William Charles Wentworth produced “A Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales”, the first book written by an Australian-born author.

World Deaf Events

• Laurent Clerc’s marriage to Eliza Crocker Boardman on 3 May. A year later, the first of their six children, Elizabeth Victoria was born. Clerc visited France in 1820. He went again in 1835, taking his son Francis with him. His last visit to his homeland was in 1846, with his son, Charles.

World Events

• 2 August – first parachute jump attempted in USA.
• The factory work was outlawed in England for children under nine years old.

1820

Australia Deaf Events

• Margaret Aull was born, a daughter of convicts. She was married twice (1839 at Windsor and 1854) and had 7 children. She was independent and confident woman who was able to manage household on her own. She was killed on the rail track, hit by a train at Blacktown due to her deafness in 1867.

Australian Events

• The Sydney Colony’s population was at 33, 543.
• The Benevolent Asylum was built at Sydney.
• The Old Sydney Burial Ground (at the present site of Sydney Town Hall) was closed and the new site of the Sydney Burial Ground (known also as Sandhills Cemetery) was then consecrated on the site of the present day Central Station.
• Governor Macquarie issued an order enforcing the left-hand driving on roads.

World Deaf Events

• The definition of gratitude was done by a deaf and dumb pupil of Abbe Sicard at the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb in the street of the Observatory.
• Pennsylvania School for the Deaf founded.
• The new and larger building was built for the American Asylum (for the Deaf) in Hartford, Connecticut, USA.

World Events

• 12 January – Royal Astronomical Society founded in England.
• 5 March – Dutch city of Leeuwarden forbids Jews to go to synagogues on Sundays.
• 11 May – the launch of HMS Beagle, the shop that took young Charles Darwin on his scientific voyage.
• 28 June – Tomatoes is proven non-poisonous.
• 20 October – Spain sold a part of Florida to USA for $5 million.

1822

Australia Deaf Events

• John Fitzgerald listed on the General Muster & Land & Stock Muster of NSW 1822 – a shoemaker under the government employment.
• 10 October – John Fitzgerald petitioned for mitigation of sentence (an application for Ticket-of-Leave).
• James Jones, alias Dick, arrived per Richmond as a convict with life sentence from Middlesex UK. Aged 21 and was rather deaf.

Australian Events

• The Macquarie family left Australia for England. Lachlan Macquarie died two years later.
• The exploration of Moreton Bay (Queensland).
• The Agricultural Society of NSW founded.

World Deaf Events

• 10 May – the death of Abbe Sicard, Director of the French Institute for Deaf and Dumb Persons, aged 80.
• John Anderson, believed to be deaf, held religious services in his own house (location??).

World Events

• 9 June – Charles Graham patented false teeth.
• 10 August – Antioch, Syria, hit by earthquake and about 20, 000 died.
• 20 October – First edition of London Sunday Times.

1823

Australia Deaf Events

• Robert Yeomans was listed on the General Muster of NSW (1823-1825) as a dumb man living at Wilberforce NSW.
• John Fitzgerald was listed on the General Muster of NSW (1823-1825) as a Government employee at Sydney.
• John Leary was requested to be placed on the Stores as he was aged and very deaf.

Australian Events

• The discovery of gold at Fish River near Bathurst.
• An Act of British Parliament passed which set up a Legislative Council of NSW.
• New Supreme Court of NSW constituted.
• Newcastle was declared as a free town.

World Deaf Events

• Kentucky School for the Deaf opened in Danville. First school to be supported by the state.

World Events

• 11 March – First normal school in USA opened, Concord Academy, Concord, Vermont.
• 22 April – R.J. Tyers patented roller skates.
• 24 July – Slavery was abolished in Chile.
• 12 October – Charles Macintosh of Scotland begins selling raincoats (Macs).

1824

Australia Deaf Events

• 24 July – John Yeomans petitioned for land grant to support his handicapped children – Robert, deaf and dumb, and Charlotte, idiot.

Australian Events

• February – Moreton Bay settlement moved from Redcliffe to the site of present Brisbane.
• 10 May – Supreme Court of Van Dieman’s Land opened.
• 25 August – Legislative Council of NSW met for the first time.
• Dysentery was the most common disease in NSW. Dysentery is an intestinal inflammation that could lead to several diarrhoea and can be life-threatning.

World Deaf Events

• Comberry (1792-1834), deaf founder and director of the Institute for Deaf Mutes in Lyon, France.

World Events

• 4 February – J.W. Goodrich introduced rubber galoshes (rain boots) to the public.
• 23 October – First steam locomotive was introduced.
• 19 November – Storm caused St Petersburg flood, killing 10, 000.

1825

Australia Deaf Events

• 22 April – James Jones, alias Dick, a convict holding Ticket of Leave aged 25 years with Life sentence (from Middlesex, England in 1821), rather deaf, employed as an attorney’s clerk, absconded from Hobart Town, Tasmania.
• 10 July – Frances Stewart from County of Antrim, Ireland, a convict with 7 years sentence. Arrived per Mariner (2).
• 4 August – John Smart, a free man, aged and totally deaf, brought to bar on charge of outrageous conduct in the town of Sydney. (Sydney Gazette dated 4 August). One wonders what this could be!
• 15 October – John Carmichael was required to present his claim for leaving Hobart Colony for Sydney Colony on per Triton. (Hobart Town Gazette dated 15 October).
• 28 October – John Carmichael, a free Scot settler aged 21 years from Edinburgh, Scotland, arrived in Sydney Colony per Triton.
• 26 November – William Brown , a 25 years old convict with a Life sentence from Middlesex, England (April 1819 and arrived per Dromedary 1820), was accused of being part of the bushrangers gang in Tasmania. He was hanged for this crime.
• 12 December – John Carmichael advertised his service as an engraver and designer, and that he served his time under Mr. Horsburgh of Edinburgh. Orders to be lift with either Mr. J.M. Wilson, Upper Pitt-street or at Mr. Parker’s of 99 George-street. (Sydney Gazette, dated 12 th December).

Australian Events

• NSW Police for the first time used black trackers and horses to pursue absconding prisoners and bushrangers.
• Woollen mills established in Parramatta NSW.
• The British government passed laws to allow British money to be used as currency in Australia.
• The newspaper Sydney Gazette changed from a weekly to a twice-weekly publication.
• Sydney Free Grammar School opened with Mr. L.H. Halloran as its headmaster. It was closed in late 1826.
• 14 May – Arrival of Augustus Earle (an artist) in Sydney per Brig Cyprus.
• June – Norfolk Island re-opened as a penal settlement for incorrigible convicts.
• 3 December – Van Dieman’s Land declared as a separate colony.

World Deaf Events

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World Events

• An Irish doctor advertised that the deaf may hear of him at a house in Liffey-street, where his blind patients may see him from ten till three. (The Australian, dated 28 April)
  
• First railroad opened in England (from Stockton to Darlington).
• Horse-drawn buses in London.
• Tea from China introduced to Europe.

1826

Australia Deaf Events

• June – Joseph Inch was being charged by his father for violent assault and was appeared at the court, however he refused to cooperate, despite being given slate to write.
• April – A deaf man died from being goaded by a bullock at the Brickfield Hill – no name was given. (The Australian, dated 1 April)
• December – A Mr. Fitzgerald (not certain if its deaf John Fitzgerald) was sentenced to 14 days on the Tread-mill for drunkenness. (The Monitor, dated 15 December)

Australian Events

• November – The Australian reported that it was known that Deaf and Dumb prisoners were occasionally ordered off on a transportation voyage; but they can’t believe how they’d let a cripple to be transported all the way as he walked on his hands and knees. (The Australian, dated 4 November)
• Settlements in NSW was restricted to 19 Counties around Sydney to allow aboriginal tribes to use the rest of land beyond the counties.
• Father Philip Conolly opened the first Catholic school at Hobart, in Van Dieman’s Land (Tasmania).
• The Letters Patent was issued in London to form a Church and School Corporation, giving the Anglican Church the status of an established religion in New South Wales with the right to vast areas of Crown Land and controlling the school system.
• The Australian Subscription Library, the forerunner of the State Library of New South Wales, was founded. It opened a year later on 1 December 1827.
• The Female School of Industry was opened in Sydney to train girls as domestic workers.
• The first street lamp in Australia was lit at Macquarie Place, Sydney Colony. On 13 March 1827, general lightings with the Sydney Gas was installed by shopkeeper Mr. J.T. Wilson of Pitt-street, Sydney. It is the first recorded use of gas lighting in Australia.
• The Bank of Australia opened in Sydney.
• The Sydney Dispensary (renamed the Sydney Infirmary and Dispensary by 1843) opened on Macquarie Street for free pauper care.
• A convict uprising on Norfolk Island was suppressed.
• Two soldiers, Privates Joseph Sudds and Mr. Patrick Thompson openly committed robbery in order to be convicted, considered a convict’s life to be better than a soldier’s life. Governor Darling ordered that they were to serve seven years hard labour in a chain-gang and then to be returned to their regiment.
• An influenza epidemic caused 37 deaths in just two days in Sydney.
• Mr. Augustus Earle, an artist, published his Views in Australia, which was printed on his own lithographic press.
• It was announced that a register of births, deaths and marriages to be kept in each parish from 1 January 1827 in Australia.

World Deaf Events

• April – It was reported that a Ms. Sophia Hyatt, called the White Lady of New-stead Abbey, was run over and killed due to her extreme deafness. (Hobart Town Gazette, dated 8 April)
• December – Bishop of Durham have bequested 500 pounds to the Deaf and Dumb Society. (Colonial Times & Tasmanian Advertiser, dated 1 December)

World Events

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1827

Australia Deaf Events

• 14 February – Thomas Mills was returned to the government from Curry-jong (Windsor) because his services were rendered ineffectual, the convict being deaf and dumb. (Sydney Gazette, dated 14 February)
• 27 September – James Smith, aged 17 of London England with a 14-years sentence, identified as deaf and dumb on the convict shipping indent of Prince Regent I (3). He was placed at Hyde Park Barracks as a yardman straight after his arrival.

Australian Events

• 30 March – The Australian Museum founded in Sydney.
• May – The distribution of blankets and clothing to 150 natives at Newcastle in honour of the King’s birthday.
• June – The discovery of coal at Lake Macquarie, NSW.
• 1 December – The Australian Subscription Library opened in Sydney.
• The establishment of a cable ferry across the Hawkesbury River at Wiseman’s Ferry by Solomon Wiseman.
• The Sydney Gazette had begun to publish daily, however it was reduced to 3 times a week from 10 February.
• John ‘Bold Jack’ Donohoe and his gang robbed carts on the Sydney-Windsor road. He was subsequently caught and condemned, his gang members hung. Donohue escaped and began terrorising the countryside of NSW.

World Deaf Events

• 5 April – James Smith was charged with pocket-picking at Old Bailey. An interpreter was provided for this trial and he was sentenced to 14 years transportation at the age of 17 years.
• 23 July – The Sydney Gazette reported a marriage of a Deaf and Dumb woman named Miss Mary E. Rose aged 19, to a hearing man named Mr. D.C. Mitchell. The ceremony was done in signs and with paper and pen. Ms. Rose was educated at the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb at Canajoharie in Montgomery County for 7 years. It also discussed the usefulness of the education for the Deaf and Dumb in America.
• 12 October – There was an interesting report of a trial on a deaf man named Stephen Harpur in Ireland. (The Australian, dated 12 October)
• November – A doctor, Dr. Andre, of Brussels was reported to have cured deaf children. (Sydney Gazette, dated 9 November)

World Events

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